#Argonne breaks ground on new state-of-the-art beamlines for the Advanced Photon Source

The two new beamlines will be constructed as part of a comprehensive upgrade of the APS, enhancing its capabilities and maintaining its status as a world-leading facility for X-ray science.

In a socially distanced ceremony this morning at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory, leaders from DOE, Argonne and the University of Chicago broke ground on the future of X-ray science in the United States.

Today’s small gathering marked the start of construction on the Long Beamline Building, a new experiment hall that will house two new beamlines that will transport the ultrabright X-rays generated by the Advanced Photon Source (APS) to advanced scientific instruments. It will be built as part of the $815 million upgrade of the APS, a DOE Office of Science User Facility and one of the most productive light sources in the world. The APS, which is in essence a stadium-sized X-ray microscope, attracts more than 5,000 scientists from around the globe to conduct research each year in many fields ranging from chemistry to life sciences to materials science to geology.
“The upgrade of the APS is not only an exciting scientific project, but it is vital to ensuring that Argonne and the United States remain world leaders in X-ray science,” said DOE Under Secretary for Science Paul Dabbar, who attended today’s ceremony. “An upgraded APS, including these two longer beamlines, will lead to new innovations in energy efficiency, more durable materials and more tools to combat viral pandemics.”
The APS Upgrade will replace the already powerful electron storage ring at the heart of the facility with a state-of-the-art magnet lattice system that will increase the brightness of the X-rays generated by up to 500 times. As part of this project, nine new beamlines will be constructed around the existing storage ring to facilitate a variety of research aims; the Long Beamline Building will host two of them.
“The APS Upgrade is a cornerstone of Argonne’s future,” said Argonne Director Paul Kearns. “In conjunction with other unique resources such as Argonne’s supercomputers, the new beamlines at the upgraded APS will allow the pursuit of science at a scale previously thought impossible, enabling greater impact from breakthroughs in healthcare, manufacturing, national security, transportation and energy.”

As the name implies, the beamlines housed in the Long Beamline Building will be about three times longer than those currently at the APS, sending photons further from the source to reach the samples being analyzed. This distance allows for more focused X-ray beams, allowing scientists to look at something as small as the finest structure inside even the most compact computer chip, in real time.
The new facilities will also have greater capability for in situ imaging, meaning observing samples as scientists change the environment around them. This will allow for precise measurement of the impact of temperature, pressure and other factors on advanced materials, an important step toward creating the next generation of components for everything from aircraft engines to solar cells.
“Our goal is to create the most advanced and comprehensive facility we can for the scientists from across the United States and around the world who use the APS,” said Robert Hettel, project director for the APS Upgrade. “These improvements will be a game changer for the facility, and for X-ray science as a whole.” 
The Long Beamline Building will house:

• The In Situ Nanoprobe (ISN): This 250-meter (820-foot) beamline is specifically designed for tightly focused in-situ imaging. Its beam can focus down to 20 nanometers, and it provides enough space between the optics and the sample to change the environment of the sample (through temperature, pressure and other methods) and track the effect of these changes at extremely fine resolution. One application of the ISN would be more precise understanding of electrochemical reactions inside batteries, which is anticipated to lead to breakthroughs in extending battery life.
• The High-Energy X-ray Microscope (HEXM): Designed for higher-energy X-rays that can penetrate into denser materials, this 180-meter (590-foot) beamline combines that energy with greater focusing ability. This will allow scientists to more precisely map the compositions of materials, and HEXM’s potential for in situ measurements will make it a destination beamline for materials science and engineering applications. One application would be to test airplane engine blades under stress, to see where cracks form in the materials they are made of and learn how to prevent them.

Today’s ceremony symbolically kicked off the construction phase of the Long Beamline Building, the only externally visible part of the APS Upgrade.
“The University of Chicago is proud of its long association with Argonne and the APS,” said Juan de Pablo, Vice President for National Laboratories at the University of Chicago, who attended today’s ceremony. “We look forward to many more years of vital, world-changing research at the upgraded facility.”
Construction is scheduled to begin this fall, with a proposed completion date in mid-2022 for the Long Beamline Building. First light for the APS Upgrade is expected in late 2023.
“The APS Upgrade will be transformational,” said Stephen Streiffer, Argonne’s deputy laboratory director for science and technology and director of the APS. “For users of the APS, it will be like the difference between walking and flying a jet airplane. It will revolutionize our ability to explore the boundaries and horizons of science, and the Long Beamline Building will allow us to take full advantage of the upgrade’s capabilities.”